656 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
656 lines
26 KiB
Plaintext
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@c ========================================================================
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@c Begin document body here
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@c ========================================================================
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@c ========================================================================
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@c PART: Getting Started
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@c ========================================================================
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@c The below chapters are under the major heading "Getting Started"
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@c This is similar to the Latex \part command
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@c
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@c ========================================================================
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@c Getting Started
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@c ========================================================================
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@node Getting Started
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@chapter Getting Started
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@menu
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* Downloading ns-3::
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* Building ns-3::
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* Testing ns-3::
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* Running a Script::
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@end menu
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@c ========================================================================
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@c Downloading ns-3
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@c ========================================================================
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@node Downloading ns-3
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@section Downloading ns-3
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@cindex Prerequisites
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@cindex Dependencies
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The @command{ns-3} system as a whole is a fairly complex system and has a
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number of dependencies on other components. Along with the systems you will
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most likely deal with every day (the GNU toolchain, Mercurial, you programmer
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editor) you will need to ensure that a number of additional libraries are
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present on your system before proceeding. @command{ns-3} provides a wiki
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for your reading pleasure that includes pages with many useful hints and tips.
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One such page is the ``Installation'' page,
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@uref{http://www.nsnam.org/wiki/index.php/Installation}.
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The ``Prerequisites'' section of this wiki page explains which packages are
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required to support common @command{ns-3} options, and also provides the
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commands used to install them for common Linux variants. Cygwin users will
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have to use the Cygwin installer (if you are a Cygwin user, you used it to
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install Cygwin).
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You may want to take this opportunity to explore the @command{ns-3} wiki
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a bit since there really is a wealth of information there.
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@cindex Linux
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@cindex Cygwin
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@cindex GNU
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@cindex toolchain
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@cindex Mercurial
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@cindex Waf
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From this point forward, we are going to assume that the reader is working in
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Linux or a Linux emulation environment (Linux, Cygwin, etc.) and has the GNU
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toolchain installed and verified along with the prerequisites mentioned
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above. We are also going to assume that you have Mercurial and Waf installed
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and running on the target system as described in the ``Getting Started'' section
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of the @command{ns-3} web site:
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@uref{http://www.nsnam.org/getting_started.html}.
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@cindex tarball
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The @command{ns-3} code is available in Mercurial repositories on the server
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@uref{http://code.nsnam.org}. You can also download a tarball release at
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@uref{http://www.nsnam.org/releases/}, or you can work with repositories
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using Mercurial. We recommend using Mercurial unless there's a good reason
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not to. See the end of this section for instructions on how to get a tarball
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release.
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@cindex repository
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The simplest way to get started using Mercurial repositories is to use the
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@code{ns-3-allinone} environment. This is a set of scripts that manages the
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downloading and building of various subsystems of @command{ns-3} for you. We
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recommend that you begin your @command{ns-3} adventures in this environment
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as it can really simplify your life at this point.
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@subsection Downloading ns-3 Using Mercurial
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One practice is to create a directory called @code{repos} in one's home
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directory under which one can keep local Mercurial repositories.
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@emph{Hint: we will assume you do this later in the tutorial.} If you adopt
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that approach, you can get a copy of @code{ns-3-allinone} by typing the
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following into your Linux shell (assuming you have installed Mercurial):
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@verbatim
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cd
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mkdir repos
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cd repos
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hg clone http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-allinone
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@end verbatim
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As the hg (Mercurial) command executes, you should see something like the
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following displayed,
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@verbatim
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destination directory: ns-3-allinone
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requesting all changes
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adding changesets
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adding manifests
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adding file changes
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added 31 changesets with 45 changes to 7 files
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7 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
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@end verbatim
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After the clone command completes, you should have a directory called
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@code{ns-3-allinone} under your @code{~/repos} directory, the contents of which should
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look something like the following:
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@verbatim
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build.py* constants.py dist.py* download.py* README util.py
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@end verbatim
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Notice that you really just downloaded some Python scripts. The next step
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will be to use those scripts to download and build the @command{ns-3}
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distribution of your choice.
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@cindex repository
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If you go to the following link: @uref{http://code.nsnam.org/},
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you will see a number of repositories. Many are the private repositories of
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the @command{ns-3} development team. The repositories of interest to you will
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be prefixed with ``ns-3''. Official releases of @command{ns-3} will be
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numbered as @code{ns-3.<release>.<hotfix>}. For example, a second hotfix to a
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still hypothetical release nine of @command{ns-3} would be numbered as
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@code{ns-3.9.2}.
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We have had a regression testing framework in place since the first release.
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For each release, a set of output files that define ``good behavior'' are saved.
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These known good output files are called reference traces and are associated
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with a given release by name. For example, in @uref{http://code.nsnam.org/}
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you will find a repository named @code{ns-3.1} which is the first stable release
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of @command{ns-3}. You will also find a separate repository named
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@code{ns-3.1-ref-traces} that holds the reference traces for the @code{ns-3.1}
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release. It is crucial to keep these files consistent if you want to do any
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regression testing of your repository. This is a good idea to do at least once
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to verify everything has built correctly.
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The current development snapshot (unreleased) of @command{ns-3} may be found
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at @uref{http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev/} and the associated reference traces
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may be found at @uref{http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev-ref-traces/}. The
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developers attempt to keep these repository in consistent, working states but
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they are in a development area with unreleased code present, so you may want
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to consider staying with an official release if you do not need newly-
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introduced features.
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Since the release numbers are going to be changing, I will stick with
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the more constant ns-3-dev here in the tutorial, but you can replace the
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string ``ns-3-dev'' with your choice of release (e.g., ns-3.6 and
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ns-3.6-ref-traces) in the text below. You can find the latest version of the
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code either by inspection of the repository list or by going to the
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@uref{http://www.nsnam.org/getting_started.html,,``Getting Started''}
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web page and looking for the latest release identifier.
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Go ahead and change into the @code{ns-3-allinone} directory you created when
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you cloned that repository. We are now going to use the @code{download.py}
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script to pull down the various pieces of @command{ns-3} you will be using.
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Go ahead and type the following into your shell (remember you can substitute
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the name of your chosen release number instead of @code{ns-3-dev} -- like
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@code{"ns-3.6"} and @code{"ns-3.6-ref-traces"} if you want to work with a
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stable release).
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@verbatim
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./download.py -n ns-3-dev -r ns-3-dev-ref-traces
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@end verbatim
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Note that the default for the @code{-n} option is @code{ns-3-dev} and the
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default for the @code{-r} option is @code{ns-3-dev-ref-traces} and so the
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above is actually redundant. We provide this example to illustrate how to
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specify alternate repositories. In order to download @code{ns-3-dev} you
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can actually use the defaults and simply type,
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@verbatim
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./download.py
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@end verbatim
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As the hg (Mercurial) command executes, you should see something like the
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following,
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@verbatim
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#
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# Get NS-3
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#
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Cloning ns-3 branch
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=> hg clone http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev ns-3-dev
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requesting all changes
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adding changesets
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adding manifests
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adding file changes
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added 4634 changesets with 16500 changes to 1762 files
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870 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
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@end verbatim
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This is output by the download script as it fetches the actual @code{ns-3}
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code from the repository. Next, you should see something like,
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@verbatim
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#
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# Get the regression traces
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#
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Synchronizing reference traces using Mercurial.
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=> hg clone http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev-ref-traces ns-3-dev-ref-traces
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requesting all changes
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adding changesets
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adding manifests
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adding file changes
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added 86 changesets with 1178 changes to 259 files
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208 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
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@end verbatim
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This is the download script fetching the reference trace files for you.
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The download script is smart enough to know that on some platforms various
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pieces of ns-3 are not supported. On your platform you may not see some
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of these pieces come down. However, on most platforms, the process should
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continue with something like,
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@verbatim
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#
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# Get PyBindGen
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#
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Required pybindgen version: 0.10.0.640
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Trying to fetch pybindgen; this will fail if no network connection is available. Hit Ctrl-C to skip.
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=> bzr checkout -rrevno:640 https://launchpad.net/pybindgen pybindgen
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Fetch was successful.
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@end verbatim
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This was the download script getting the Python bindings generator for you.
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Next you should see (modulo platform variations) something along the lines of,
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@verbatim
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#
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# Get NSC
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#
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Required NSC version: nsc-0.5.0
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Retrieving nsc from https://secure.wand.net.nz/mercurial/nsc
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=> hg clone https://secure.wand.net.nz/mercurial/nsc nsc
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requesting all changes
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adding changesets
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adding manifests
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adding file changes
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added 273 changesets with 17565 changes to 15175 files
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10622 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
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@end verbatim
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This part of the process is the script downloading the Network Simulation
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Cradle for you.
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After the clone command completes, you should have several new directories
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under @code{~/repos/ns-3-allinone}:
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@verbatim
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build.py* constants.pyc download.py* ns-3-dev-ref-traces/ pybindgen/ util.py
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constants.py dist.py* ns-3-dev/ nsc/ README util.pyc
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@end verbatim
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Go ahead and change into @code{ns-3-dev} under your @code{~/repos/ns-3-allinone}
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directory. You should see something like the following there:
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@verbatim
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AUTHORS examples/ regression/ scratch/ waf*
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bindings/ LICENSE regression.py src/ waf.bat*
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CHANGES.html ns3/ RELEASE_NOTES utils/ wscript
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doc/ README samples/ VERSION wutils.py
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@end verbatim
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You are now ready to build the @command{ns-3} distribution.
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@subsection Downloading ns-3 Using a Tarball
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The process for downloading @command{ns-3} via tarball is simpler than the
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Mercurial process since all of the pieces are pre-packaged for you. You just
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have to pick a release, download it and decompress it.
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As mentioned above, one practice is to create a directory called @code{repos}
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in one's home directory under which one can keep local Mercurial repositories.
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One could also keep a @code{tarballs} directory. @emph{Hint: the tutorial
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will assume you downloaded into a @code{repos} directory, so remember the
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placekeeper.} If you adopt the @code{tarballs} directory approach, you can
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get a copy of a release by typing the following into your Linux shell
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(substitute the appropriate version numbers, of course):
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@verbatim
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cd
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mkdir tarballs
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cd tarballs
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wget http://www.nsnam.org/releases/ns-allinone-3.6.tar.bz2
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tar xjf ns-allinone-3.6.tar.bz2
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@end verbatim
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If you change into the directory @code{ns-allinone-3.6} you should see a
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number of files:
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@verbatim
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build.py* ns-3.6/ nsc-0.5.1/ README
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constants.py ns-3.6-ref-traces/ pybindgen-0.12.0.700/ util.py
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@end verbatim
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You are now ready to build the @command{ns-3} distribution.
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@c ========================================================================
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@c Building ns-3
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@c ========================================================================
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@node Building ns-3
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@section Building ns-3
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@subsection Building with build.py
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@cindex building with build.py
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The first time you build the @command{ns-3} project you should build using the
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@command{allinone} environment. This will get the project configured for you
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in the most commonly useful way.
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Change into the directory you created in the download section above. If you
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downloaded using Mercurial you should have a directory called
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@code{ns-3-allinone} under your @code{~/repos} directory. If you downloaded
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using a tarball you should have a directory called something like
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@code{ns-allinone-3.6} under your @code{~/tarballs} directory. Take a deep
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breath and type the following:
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@verbatim
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./build.py
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@end verbatim
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You will see lots of typical compiler output messages displayed as the build
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script builds the various pieces you downloaded. Eventually you should see the
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following magic words:
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@verbatim
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Waf: Leaving directory `/home/craigdo/repos/ns-3-allinone/ns-3-dev/build'
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'build' finished successfully (2m30.586s)
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@end verbatim
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Once the project has built you can say goodbye to your old friends, the
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@code{ns-3-allinone} scripts. You got what you needed from them and will now
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interact directly with Waf and we do it in the @code{ns-3-dev} directory,
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not in the @code{ns-3-allinone} directory. Go ahead and change into the
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@code{ns-3-dev} directory (or the directory for the appropriate release you
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downloaded.
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@verbatim
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cd ns-3-dev
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@end verbatim
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@subsection Building with Waf
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@cindex building with Waf
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@cindex configuring Waf
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@cindex building debug version with Waf
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@cindex compiling with Waf
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@cindex unit tests with Waf
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@cindex regression tests with Waf
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We use Waf to configure and build the @command{ns-3} project. It's not
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strictly required at this point, but it will be valuable to take a slight
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detour and look at how to make changes to the configuration of the project.
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Probably the most useful configuration change you can make will be to
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build the optimized version of the code. By default you have configured
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your project to build the debug version. Let's tell the project to do
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make an optimized build. To explain to Waf that it should do optimized
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builds you will need to execute the following command,
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@verbatim
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./waf -d optimized configure
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@end verbatim
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This runs Waf out of the local directory (which is provided as a convenience
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for you). As the build system checks for various dependencies you should see
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output that looks similar to the following,
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@verbatim
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Checking for program g++ : ok /usr/bin/g++
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Checking for program cpp : ok /usr/bin/cpp
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Checking for program ar : ok /usr/bin/ar
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Checking for program ranlib : ok /usr/bin/ranlib
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Checking for g++ : ok
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Checking for program pkg-config : ok /usr/bin/pkg-config
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Checking for regression reference traces : ok ../ns-3-dev-ref-traces (guessed)
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Checking for -Wno-error=deprecated-declarations support : yes
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Checking for -Wl,--soname=foo support : yes
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Checking for header stdlib.h : ok
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Checking for header signal.h : ok
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Checking for header pthread.h : ok
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Checking for high precision time implementation : 128-bit integer
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Checking for header stdint.h : ok
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Checking for header inttypes.h : ok
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Checking for header sys/inttypes.h : not found
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Checking for library rt : ok
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Checking for header netpacket/packet.h : ok
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Checking for pkg-config flags for GSL : ok
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Checking for header linux/if_tun.h : ok
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Checking for pkg-config flags for GTK_CONFIG_STORE : ok
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Checking for pkg-config flags for LIBXML2 : ok
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Checking for library sqlite3 : ok
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Checking for NSC location : ok ../nsc (guessed)
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Checking for library dl : ok
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Checking for NSC supported architecture x86_64 : ok
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Checking for program python : ok /usr/bin/python
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Checking for Python version >= 2.3 : ok 2.5.2
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Checking for library python2.5 : ok
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Checking for program python2.5-config : ok /usr/bin/python2.5-config
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Checking for header Python.h : ok
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Checking for -fvisibility=hidden support : yes
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Checking for pybindgen location : ok ../pybindgen (guessed)
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Checking for Python module pybindgen : ok
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Checking for pybindgen version : ok 0.10.0.640
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Checking for Python module pygccxml : ok
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Checking for pygccxml version : ok 0.9.5
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Checking for program gccxml : ok /usr/local/bin/gccxml
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Checking for gccxml version : ok 0.9.0
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Checking for program sudo : ok /usr/bin/sudo
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Checking for program hg : ok /usr/bin/hg
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Checking for program valgrind : ok /usr/bin/valgrind
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---- Summary of optional NS-3 features:
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Threading Primitives : enabled
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Real Time Simulator : enabled
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Emulated Net Device : enabled
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GNU Scientific Library (GSL) : enabled
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Tap Bridge : enabled
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GtkConfigStore : enabled
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XmlIo : enabled
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SQlite stats data output : enabled
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Network Simulation Cradle : enabled
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Python Bindings : enabled
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Python API Scanning Support : enabled
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Use sudo to set suid bit : not enabled (option --enable-sudo not selected)
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Build examples and samples : enabled
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Static build : not enabled (option --enable-static not selected)
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'configure' finished successfully (2.870s)
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@end verbatim
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Note the last part of the above output. Some ns-3 options are not enabled by
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default or require support from the underlying system to work properly.
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For instance, to enable XmlTo, the library libxml-2.0 must be found on the
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system. If this library were not found, the corresponding @command{ns-3} feature
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would not be enabled and a message would be displayed. Note further that there is
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a feature to use the program @code{sudo} to set the suid bit of certain programs.
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This is not enabled by default and so this feature is reported as ``not enabled.''
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Now go ahead and switch back to the debug build.
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@verbatim
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./waf -d debug configure
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@end verbatim
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The build system is now configured and you can build the debug versions of
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the @command{ns-3} programs by simply typing,
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@verbatim
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./waf
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@end verbatim
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Some waf commands are meaningful during the build phase and some commands are valid
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in the configuration phase. For example, if you wanted to use the emulation
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features of @command{ns-3} you might want to enable setting the suid bit using
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sudo as described above. This turns out to be a configuration-time command, and so
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you could reconfigure using the following command
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@verbatim
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./waf -d debug --enable-sudo configure
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@end verbatim
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If you do this, waf will have run sudo to change the socket creator programs of the
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emulation code to run as root. There are many other configure- and build-time options
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available in waf. To explore these options, type:
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@verbatim
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|
./waf --help
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
We'll use some of the testing-related commands in the next section.
|
|
|
|
Okay, sorry, I made you build the @command{ns-3} part of the system twice,
|
|
but now you know how to change the configuration and build optimized code.
|
|
|
|
@c ========================================================================
|
|
@c Testing ns-3
|
|
@c ========================================================================
|
|
|
|
@node Testing ns-3
|
|
@section Testing ns-3
|
|
|
|
@cindex unit tests
|
|
You can run the unit tests of the @command{ns-3} distribution by running the
|
|
``./test.py -c core'' script,
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
./test.py -c core
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
These tests are run in parallel by waf. You should eventually
|
|
see a report saying that,
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
47 of 47 tests passed (47 passed, 0 failed, 0 crashed, 0 valgrind errors)
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
This is the important message.
|
|
|
|
You will also see output from the test runner and the output will actually look something like,
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
Waf: Entering directory `/home/craigdo/repos/ns-3-allinone/ns-3-dev/build'
|
|
Waf: Leaving directory `/home/craigdo/repos/ns-3-allinone/ns-3-dev/build'
|
|
'build' finished successfully (1.799s)
|
|
PASS: TestSuite ns3-wifi-interference
|
|
PASS: TestSuite histogram
|
|
PASS: TestSuite sample
|
|
PASS: TestSuite ipv4-address-helper
|
|
PASS: TestSuite devices-wifi
|
|
PASS: TestSuite propagation-loss-model
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
PASS: TestSuite attributes
|
|
PASS: TestSuite config
|
|
PASS: TestSuite global-value
|
|
PASS: TestSuite command-line
|
|
PASS: TestSuite basic-random-number
|
|
PASS: TestSuite object
|
|
PASS: TestSuite random-number-generators
|
|
47 of 47 tests passed (47 passed, 0 failed, 0 crashed, 0 valgrind errors)
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
This command is typically run by @code{users} to quickly verify that an
|
|
@command{ns-3} distribution has built correctly.
|
|
|
|
@cindex regression tests
|
|
You can also run our regression test suite to ensure that your distribution and
|
|
toolchain have produced binaries that generate output that is identical to
|
|
known-good reference output files. You downloaded these reference traces to
|
|
your machine during the @code{./download.py} process above. (Warning: The
|
|
@code{ns-3.2} and @code{ns-3.3} releases do not use the @code{ns-3-allinone}
|
|
environment and require you to be online when you run regression tests because
|
|
they dynamically synchronize the reference traces directory with an online
|
|
repository immediately prior to the run).
|
|
|
|
During regression testing Waf will run a number of tests that generate what we
|
|
call trace files. The content of these trace files are compared with the
|
|
reference traces. If they are identical, the regression tests report a PASS
|
|
status. If a regression test fails you will see a FAIL indication along with a
|
|
pointer to the offending trace file and its associated reference trace file
|
|
along with a suggestion on diff parameters and options in order to see what
|
|
has gone awry. If the error was discovered in a pcap file, it will be useful
|
|
to convert the pcap files to text using tcpdump prior to comparison.
|
|
|
|
Some regression tests may be SKIPped if the required support
|
|
is not present.
|
|
|
|
Note that the regression tests are also run in parallel and so the messages
|
|
may be interleaved.
|
|
|
|
To run the regression tests, you provide Waf with the regression flag.
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
./waf --regression
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
You should see messages indicating that many tests are being run and are
|
|
passing.
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
Entering directory `/home/craigdo/repos/ns-3-allinone/ns-3-dev/build'
|
|
[647/669] regression-test (test-csma-bridge)
|
|
[648/669] regression-test (test-csma-broadcast)
|
|
[649/669] regression-test (test-csma-multicast)
|
|
[650/669] regression-test (test-csma-one-subnet)
|
|
PASS test-csma-multicast
|
|
[651/669] regression-test (test-csma-packet-socket)
|
|
PASS test-csma-bridge
|
|
...
|
|
Regression testing summary:
|
|
PASS: 22 of 22 tests passed
|
|
Waf: Leaving directory `/home/craigdo/repos/ns-3-allinone/ns-3-dev/build'
|
|
'build' finished successfully (25.826s)
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
If you want to take a look at an example of what might be checked during
|
|
a regression test, you can do the following:
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
cd build/debug/regression/traces/second.ref
|
|
tcpdump -nn -tt -r second-2-0.pcap
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
The output should be clear to anyone who is familiar with tcpdump or net
|
|
sniffers. We'll have much more to say on pcap files later in this tutorial.
|
|
|
|
Remember to cd back into the top-level @command{ns-3} directory
|
|
after you are done:
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
cd ../../../../..
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
@c ========================================================================
|
|
@c Running a Script
|
|
@c ========================================================================
|
|
|
|
@node Running a Script
|
|
@section Running a Script
|
|
@cindex running a script with Waf
|
|
We typically run scripts under the control of Waf. This allows the build
|
|
system to ensure that the shared library paths are set correctly and that
|
|
the libraries are available at run time. To run a program, simply use the
|
|
@code{--run} option in Waf. Let's run the @command{ns-3} equivalent of the
|
|
ubiquitous hello world program by typing the following:
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
./waf --run hello-simulator
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
Waf first checks to make sure that the program is built correctly and
|
|
executes a build if required. Waf then executes the program, which
|
|
produces the following output.
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
Hello Simulator
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
@emph{Congratulations. You are now an ns-3 user.}
|
|
|
|
@emph{What do I do if I don't see the output?}
|
|
|
|
If you don't see @code{waf} messages indicating that the build was
|
|
completed successfully, but do not see the ``Hello Simulator'' output,
|
|
chances are that you have switched your build mode to ``optimized'' in
|
|
the ``Building with Waf'' section, but have missed the change back to
|
|
``debug'' mode. All of the console output used in this tutorial uses a
|
|
special @command{ns-3} logging component that is useful for printing
|
|
user messages to the console. Output from this component is
|
|
automatically disabled when you compile optimized code -- it is
|
|
``optimized out.'' If you don't see the ``Hello Simulator'' output,
|
|
type the following,
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
./waf -d debug configure
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
to tell @code{waf} to build the debug versions of the @command{ns-3}
|
|
programs. You must still build the actual debug version of the code by
|
|
typing,
|
|
|
|
@verbatim
|
|
./waf
|
|
@end verbatim
|
|
|
|
Now, if you run the @code{hello-simulator} program, you should see the
|
|
expected output.
|
|
|
|
If you want to run programs under another tool such as gdb or valgrind,
|
|
see this @uref{http://www.nsnam.org/wiki/index.php/User_FAQ#How_to_run_NS-3_programs_under_another_tool,,wiki entry}.
|
|
|